UV-C disinfection

UV-C germ database

189 peer-reviewed records with UV-C dose–response data (D90 to D99.999), test wavelength and primary source — one record per species × medium × study.

Category
Medium

Viruses 51

Species Author · year D90 Wavelength Medium
Adenovirus Beck et al. 2014 · 254 nm 45.5 254 nm WaterAdenovirus type 2 Gerba 2002 40 — WaterAdenovirus type 2 Ballester 2004 27.6 — WaterAdenovirus type 2 Shin 2005 30 — WaterAdenovirus type 2 Linden et al. 2007 53.3 — WaterAdenovirus type 2 Linden et al. 2007 15 — WaterAdenovirus type 2 Beck et al. 2014 · 220 nm 22.6 220 nm WaterAdenovirus type 40 Linden et al. 2007 · 254 nm 30 254 nm WaterAdenovirus type 5 Linden et al. 2007 · 254 nm 40 254 nm WaterBakteriophage T1 Beck et al. 2015 · 254 nm 4.3 254 nm WaterBakteriophage T4 Bohrerova et al. 2008 · 254 nm 1.1 254 nm WaterBakteriophage T7 Bowker et al. 2011 · 254 nm 2.7 254 nm WaterCoxsackievirus Gerba et al. 2002 · 254 nm 9.5 254 nm WaterFeline Calicivirus Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003 · 254 nm 5.6 254 nm WaterHepatitis A virus Wilson 1992 9.8 — WaterHepatitis A virus Battigelli 1993 4 — WaterHepatitis A virus Wang 1995 9.2 — WaterHepatitis A virus Nuanualsuwan 2002 30.7 — WaterHepatitis A virus Wang 2004 4.5 — WaterHumanes Norovirus Wigginton et al. 2020 · 254 nm 3.7 254 nm WaterInfectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) Liltved et al. 2006 · 254 nm 2.5 254 nm WaterInfluenza A McDevitt et al. 2012 · 254 nm 3 254 nm AirMS2 Coliphage Wilson 1992 17.3 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Weidenmann 1993 4 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Tree 1997 13.5 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Sommer 1998 19.3 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Sommer 2001 42.7 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Thurston-Enriquez 2003 27.5 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Ko 2005 29.5 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Mamane-Gravetz 2005 41.9 — WaterMS2 Coliphage USEPA UVDGM 2006 · 254 nm 20 254 nm WaterMS2 Coliphage Templeton 2006 36.8 — WaterMS2 Coliphage Beck et al. 2016 · 260 nm 14.3 260 nm WaterMS2 Coliphage Beck et al. 2016 · 220 nm 4.9 220 nm WaterMurines Norovirus Ko et al. 2008 · 254 nm 7.5 254 nm WaterNorovirus Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003 · 254 nm 15 254 nm AirPoliovirus type 1 Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 7.6 254 nm WaterPoliovirus type 1 Wilson 1992 7.2 — WaterPoliovirus type 1 Oppenheimer 1997 12.5 — WaterPoliovirus type 1 Thompson 2003 10 — WaterPoliovirus type 1 Shin 2005 7.5 — WaterRotavirus OSU Ye et al. 2020 · 220 nm 4.5 220 nm WaterRotavirus OSU Ye et al. 2020 · 254 nm 11.1 254 nm WaterRotavirus SA11 Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 8 254 nm WaterRotavirus SA11 Sommer et al. 2009 · 254 nm 29.1 254 nm WaterSARS-CoV-2 Bianco et al. 2020 · 254 nm 2 254 nm AirSARS-CoV-2 Vila et al. 2021 · 265 nm 1.8 265 nm WaterSARS-CoV-2 Vila et al. 2021 · 268 nm 1.2 268 nm WaterSARS-CoV-2 Hessling et al. 2022 · 222 nm 0.5 222 nm WaterSARS-CoV-2 Li et al. 2023 · 254 nm 0.5 254 nm WaterφX174 (Coliphage PhiX174) Hessling et al. 2023 · 254 nm 5 254 nm Water

Bacteria 74

Species Author · year D90 Wavelength Medium
Aeromonas salmonicida Liltved & Landfald 1996 · 254 nm 1.5 254 nm WaterBacillus subtilis Sommer 1998 22 — WaterBacillus subtilis Sommer 1999 19.9 — WaterBacillus subtilis Hoyer 2000 16.1 — WaterBacillus subtilis Nicholson 2003 25 — WaterBacillus subtilis DeGuchi 2005 8 — WaterBacillus subtilis Mamane-Gravetz 2005 15.5 — WaterBacillus subtilis Hijnen et al. 2006 · 254 nm 10.1 254 nm WaterBacillus subtilis Oguma et al. 2010 · 222 nm 10.8 222 nm WaterBacillus subtilis Oguma et al. 2010 · 172 nm 435 172 nm WaterBacillus subtilis spores Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 12 254 nm WaterBacillus subtilis spores Kowalski 2009 · 254 nm 22 254 nm AirBrucella melitensis Rose & O'Connell 2009 · 254 nm 2.8 254 nm WaterBrucella suis Rose & O'Connell 2009 · 254 nm 2.7 254 nm WaterBurkholderia mallei Rose & O'Connell 2009 · 254 nm 1 254 nm WaterBurkholderia pseudomallei Rose & O'Connell 2009 · 254 nm 1.7 254 nm WaterCampylobacter jejuni Wilson et al. 1992 · 254 nm 2.1 254 nm WaterCampylobacter jejuni Moazzami et al. 2021 · 265 nm 6.8 265 nm SurfaceCampylobacter jejuni Soro et al. 2021 · 280 nm 1.8 280 nm WaterClostridioides difficile spores Asma et al. 2024 · 254 nm 384 254 nm SurfaceCorynebacterium diphtheriae Sharp 1939 · 254 nm 3.4 254 nm WaterE. coli Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 3 254 nm WaterE. coli Oguma 2001 2 — WaterE. coli Kim 2002 3.4 — SurfaceE. coli Kim 2002 4.7 — WaterE. coli Quek 2008 2 — SurfaceE. coli Coohill & Sagripanti 2008 · 254 nm 1.4 254 nm WaterE. coli Vermeulen et al. 2008 · 265 nm 1.5 265 nm WaterE. coli Kowalski 2009 · 254 nm 3 254 nm AirE. coli Bintsis et al. 2017 · 280 nm 2.5 280 nm SurfaceE. coli Rodríguez-Chueca et al. 2022 · 268 nm 0.7 268 nm WaterE. coli Rodríguez-Chueca et al. 2022 · 279 nm 1 279 nm WaterE. coli Knobling et al. 2023 · 279 nm 3.8 279 nm SurfaceE. coli O157:H7 Yaun et al. 2003 · 254 nm 8 254 nm SurfaceEnterococcus faecalis Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 4.4 254 nm WaterFrancisella tularensis Rose & O'Connell 2009 · 254 nm 1.3 254 nm WaterHelicobacter pylori Hayes et al. 2006 · 254 nm 4.5 254 nm WaterKlebsiella terrigena Wilson et al. 1992 · 254 nm 3.6 254 nm WaterLegionella longbeachae Cerveró-Aragó et al. 2014 · 254 nm 1.4 254 nm WaterLegionella pneumophila Wilson 1992 2.5 — WaterLegionella pneumophila Oguma 2004 1.9 — WaterLegionella pneumophila Oguma 2004 1.6 — WaterLegionella pneumophila Kowalski 2009 · 254 nm 5 254 nm AirLegionella pneumophila Cerveró-Aragó et al. 2014 · 254 nm 1.7 254 nm WaterLegionella pneumophila Oh et al. 2024 · 280 nm 6 280 nm WaterLegionella pneumophila Oh et al. 2024 · 255 nm 1.8 255 nm WaterLegionella pneumophila Oh et al. 2024 · 265 nm 1.7 265 nm WaterLeptospira interrogans (Serovar Pomona) Stamm & Charon 1988 · 254 nm 0.8 254 nm WaterListeria monocytogenes Collins 1971 · 254 nm 2.2 254 nm WaterListeria monocytogenes Sommers et al. 2009 · 254 nm 1.3 254 nm SurfaceListeria monocytogenes Pérez-Rodríguez et al. 2023 · 280 nm 2.2 280 nm SurfaceListeria monocytogenes Knobling et al. 2023 · 279 nm 3 279 nm SurfaceMycobacterium avium Hayes et al. 2008 · 254 nm 5.8 254 nm WaterMycobacterium terrae Bohrerova & Linden 2006 · 254 nm 3.9 254 nm WaterMycobacterium tuberculosis Xu et al. 2003 · 254 nm 10 254 nm AirPseudomonas aeruginosa Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 5.5 254 nm WaterSalmonella choleraesuis Blázquez et al. 2017 · 254 nm 3.6 254 nm WaterSalmonella enteritidis Gayán et al. 2012 · 254 nm 3.2 254 nm WaterSalmonella typhi Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 2.1 254 nm WaterSalmonella typhimurium Wilson 1992 0.9 — WaterSalmonella typhimurium Gayán et al. 2012 · 254 nm 4.5 254 nm WaterSalmonella Typhimurium Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 2.6 254 nm WaterSalmonella Typhimurium Knobling et al. 2023 · 279 nm 1.9 279 nm SurfaceSerratia marcescens Sharp 1939 · 254 nm 2.2 254 nm WaterShigella dysenteriae Hu et al. 2012 · 254 nm 0.5 254 nm WaterShigella sonnei Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 3.2 254 nm WaterStaphylococcus aureus Gayán et al. 2014 · 254 nm 6.8 254 nm WaterStaphylococcus aureus Knobling et al. 2023 · 280 nm 4.1 280 nm SurfaceStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Kowalski 2009 · 254 nm 4 254 nm AirStreptococcus pyogenes Kowalski 2009 · 254 nm 3 254 nm AirVibrio anguillarum Liltved & Landfald 1996 · 254 nm 0.5 254 nm WaterVibrio cholerae Chang et al. 1985 · 254 nm 3.4 254 nm WaterYersinia enterocolitica Clauß et al. 2005 · 254 nm 2.1 254 nm WaterYersinia pestis Rose & O'Connell 2009 · 254 nm 1.4 254 nm Water

Molds & yeasts 44

Species Author · year D90 Wavelength Medium
Aspergillus brasiliensis (A. niger aggregate) Dorbani et al. 2023 · 254 nm 413 254 nm SurfaceAspergillus flavus Sisti et al. 2017 · 254 nm 35.6 254 nm WaterAspergillus fumigatus Sisti et al. 2017 · 254 nm 30.4 254 nm WaterAspergillus niger Gritz 1990 75 — SurfaceAspergillus niger Kowalski 2001 31.5 — SurfaceAspergillus niger Kowalski 2009 · 254 nm 132 254 nm AirAspergillus niger Begum 2009 · 254 nm 168.1 254 nm WaterAspergillus niger Taylor-Edmonds et al. 2015 · 254 nm 125 254 nm SurfaceAspergillus niger Wan et al. 2020 · 254 nm 43.1 254 nm WaterAspergillus niger Yang et al. 2024 · 265 nm 133 265 nm SurfaceAspergillus parasiticus Byun et al. 2020 · 254 nm 183 254 nm WaterAspergillus terreus Sisti et al. 2017 · 254 nm 13 254 nm WaterAspergillus versicolor Sisti et al. 2017 · 254 nm 28.2 254 nm WaterBotrytis cinerea (grey mould) Marquenie et al. 2002 · 254 nm 26 254 nm WaterBotrytis cinerea (grey mould) Latorre et al. 2012 · 254 nm 40.2 254 nm WaterCandida albicans Gritz 1990 75 — SurfaceCandida albicans Enwemeka et al. 2014 · 420 nm 650 420 nm WaterCandida albicans Enwemeka et al. 2014 · 254 nm 6.1 254 nm WaterCandida auris Lemons et al. 2020 · 254 nm 13.2 254 nm WaterCladosporium cladosporioides Lee et al. 2022 · 254 nm 750 254 nm SurfaceEurotium rubrum (Aspergillus-glaucus-Gruppe) Begum et al. 2009 · 254 nm 125.5 254 nm WaterFusarium oxysporum Asthana & Tuveson 1992 · 254 nm 38.4 254 nm WaterFusarium solani Asthana & Tuveson 1992 · 254 nm 34.9 254 nm WaterGeotrichum candidum (machine mould) Menetrez et al. 2010 · 254 nm 17.3 254 nm SurfaceMonilinia fructigena (brown rot) Marquenie et al. 2002 · 254 nm 16 254 nm WaterPenicillium chrysogenum Menetrez et al. 2010 · 254 nm 82.7 254 nm SurfacePenicillium commune Lee et al. 2022 · 254 nm 300 254 nm SurfacePenicillium corylophilum Begum et al. 2009 · 254 nm 160 254 nm WaterPenicillium digitatum (green mould) Asthana & Tuveson 1992 · 254 nm 40 254 nm WaterPenicillium digitatum (green mould) Gündüz et al. 2015 · 254 nm 25.3 254 nm SurfacePenicillium expansum (blue mould) Syamaladevi et al. 2015 · 254 nm 66.7 254 nm SurfacePenicillium expansum (blue mould) Rios de Souza et al. 2019 · 277 nm 33.5 277 nm SurfacePenicillium italicum (citrus blue mould) Asthana & Tuveson 1992 · 254 nm 46.8 254 nm WaterPenicillium italicum (citrus blue mould) Gündüz & Pazir 2013 · 254 nm 241 254 nm SurfacePenicillium multicolor Saprykina et al. 2009 · 254 nm 49.2 254 nm WaterPenicillium pinophilum Watanabe et al. 2010 · 254 nm 117.7 254 nm WaterPenicillium polonicum Wan et al. 2020 · 254 nm 27.1 254 nm WaterRhizopus oryzae (bread mould) Uyar & Uyar 2019 · 254 nm 12.7 254 nm WaterRhodotorula minuta (pink yeast) Pereira et al. 2013 · 254 nm 28.6 254 nm WaterRhodotorula mucilaginosa (pink yeast) Pereira et al. 2013 · 254 nm 38.5 254 nm WaterSaccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's / brewer's yeast) Sommer et al. 1996 · 254 nm 5.2 254 nm WaterSaccharomyces pastorianus (lager yeast) Kim et al. 2017 · 266 nm 1 266 nm WaterStachybotrys chartarum (black mould) Green et al. 2005 · 254 nm 572 254 nm SurfaceTrichoderma harzianum Wan et al. 2020 · 254 nm 30.1 254 nm Water

Protozoa 20

Species Author · year D90 Wavelength Medium
Cryptosporidium hominis Johnson et al. 2005 · 254 nm 3 254 nm WaterCryptosporidium parvum Bukhari et al. 1999 · 254 nm 1 254 nm WaterCryptosporidium parvum Craik 2001 5 — WaterCryptosporidium parvum Shin 2001 1 — WaterCryptosporidium parvum Oguma 2001 0.7 — WaterCryptosporidium parvum Morita 2002 0.5 — WaterCryptosporidium parvum Zimmer 2003 2 — WaterCryptosporidium parvum Bukhari 2004 1 — WaterCryptosporidium parvum Beck et al. 2015 · 254 nm 1.3 254 nm WaterCryptosporidium parvum Matsubayashi et al. 2020 · 275 nm 1.4 275 nm WaterCryptosporidium parvum Matsubayashi et al. 2020 · 268 nm 1.2 268 nm WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Hayes 2000 0.7 — WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Craik et al. 2000 · 254 nm 2.5 254 nm WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Craik 2001 1 — WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Campbell et al. 2002 5 — WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Campbell et al. 2002 · 254 nm 2.2 254 nm WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Shin 2005 0.3 — WaterGiardia lamblia cysts Li 2007 2 — WaterGiardia muris Craik et al. 2000 · 254 nm 4.5 254 nm WaterToxoplasma gondii Ware et al. 2010 · 254 nm 3.4 254 nm Water